Historical V-Dem

The Historical V-Dem project collects data for numerous indicators of democracy and other institutional features, from before the French Revolution to the early twentieth century

About Historical V-Dem

The Historical V-Dem project codes numerous indicators of democracy and other institutional features, all the way from the French Revolution to the early twentieth century. More specifically, Historical V-Dem covers about 80 polities and extends almost 200 V-Dem indicators as far back as 1789, including about 130 of V-Dem’s expert-coded indicators.

The integration of Historical V-Dem with V-Dem means that many countries have data coverage on numerous V-Dem indicators from 1789 to the present. These include all major countries with continuous lineages as independent states from the 18th or 19th centuries, but also some major colonies such as India and Indonesia. Historical V-Dem also contains several extra, historical polities that have ceased to exist, such as Bavaria and the Two Sicilies.

Further, Historical V-Dem introduces several new indicators – including 20 expert-coded and many more coded by Research Assistants – on various institutional features, some of which were particularly relevant for 19th century polities. To name two examples, Historical V-Dem includes extensive sets of new indicators on the state and features of the bureaucracy as well as on political regimes and their supporting groups.

Methodology

Historical V-Dem includes two types of indicators – more objective indicators coded by Research Assistants (termed “A indicators”, following the convention in V-Dem) and more evaluative indicators (“C indicators”) coded by historical country experts.

The methodology of Historical V-Dem closely follows that of V-Dem, more generally, but with some exceptions: The most important pertains to the type and number of expert coders. Due to the lower number of true experts on the politics of a country in the 18th and 19th century, compared to in the 20th and 21st, there are fewer “Historical Country Experts” per country.

Given this, Historical V-Dem also followed a different recruitment and compensation strategy, carefully selecting the best available historical experts, and remunerating them for working closely with the coding over an expanded time period. Nonetheless, the lower number of historical coders typically means that the 18th and 19th century scores are associated with somewhat larger uncertainty estimates (as provided by the V-Dem Measurement Model, see below) than the 20th and 21st century scores.

Yet, several measures have been taken to ensure the comparability of V-Dem and Historical V-Dem scores, and that the data from 1789 until today constitute consistent time series. First, Historical V-Dem experts and V-Dem experts code an overlapping period of 20 years (typically 1900-1920) for “their” countries or that country’s successor state (e.g. Germany for Bavaria). Second, all historical experts coded a set of identical anchoring vignettes, in the form of brief descriptions of hypothetical country contexts, for all relevant indicators. Third, many historical experts coded three additional countries for the first year after 1900 with an election. All these measures provide valuable information, which is leveraged by the V-Dem measurement model to make scores comparable across countries and time, and provide uncertainty estimates.

Funding and Organization

Historical V-Dem has mainly been funded through three larger research grants from the Norwegian (Young Research Talent Grant pnr 240505; PI Carl Henrik Knutsen) and Swedish (grant no 2014-1283; PI Jan Teorell) Research Councils, and Demscore (grant no 2021-00162).

The Historical V-Dem data collection has been managed from Lund University, the University of Oslo, and Stockholm University, in collaboration with Aarhus University, Boston University, Harvard University, University of Gothenburg, and the University of Texas at Austin.

Historical Country Experts

The country experts are the most important contributors to the Historical V-Dem data. We are grateful for being able to draw on their expertise and for their efforts. Note that these are the country experts for Historical V-Dem, coding 1789-1900. The country experts for Contemporary V-Dem are confidential.

Last updated: 2022-09-07

Country Name Country Name

Afghanistan

Dr. Khalid Nadiri

Argentina

Professor Paula Alonso

Australia

Professor Sean Scalmer

Austria

Dr. Florian Wenninger

Baden

Dr. Felix Selgert

Bavaria

Professor Laura Ulrich

Bolivia

Professor Erick Langer

Brazil

Professor Jeffrey D Needell

British India, Myanmar, Nepal

Professor Roberto Foa

Brunswick

Professor Klaus Pollmann

Bulgaria

Dr. Martin Belov

Canada

Professor David E. Smith

Chile

DPhil Juan Luis Ossa

China

Dr. Michael Dillon

China

Dr. Ulrich Theobald

Colombia

Dr. Silvia Otero

Costa Rica

Professor David Diaz Arias

Cuba

Dr. Guadalupe García

Denmark

Professor Jens Wendel-Hansen

Dominican Republic

Professor Eric Paul Roorda

Ecuador

Professor Doctor Valeria Coronel

Ecuador

Professor Santiago Basabe

Egypt, Ottoman Empire

Dr. Basak Taraktas

El Salvador

Professor Knut Walter

Ethiopia

Dr. Sara Marzagora

Ethiopia

Professor Alemseged Abbay

Finland

Dr. Jennica Thylin-Klaus

Finland

Dr. Johanna Wassholm

Finland

Regents Professor Jason Lavery

France

Professor Julian Wright

Germany

Professor Thomas Kuehne

Greece

Dr. Nathalie Soursos

Guatemala

Dr. Jorge Ramon Gonzales Ponciano

Haiti

Professor Philippe Girard

Hanover, Oldenburg

Professor Georg Vascik

Hesse-Darmstadt

Anonymous expert

Honduras

Professor Dario Euraque

Hungary

Dr. Andras Becker

Indonesia

Assistant Professor Marcus Mietzner

Iran

Anonymous expert

Iran

Professor Ali Ansari

Italy

Professor Maurizio Cotta

Japan

Professor Frances Rosenbluth

Japan

Professor Ian Neary

Kuwait

Dr. Christian Koch
Director of Research
Gulf Research Center

Liberia

Professor Caree Banton

Libya

Professor Anna Baldinetti

Madagascar

Professor Solofo Randrianja

Mecklenburg-Schwerin

Professor Bernd Kasten

Mexico

Distinguished Professor Jaime E. Rodríguez O.

Mexico

Professor José Antonio Aguilar Rivera

Modena

Professor Alberto Rinaldi

Montenegro

Dr. Vuk Uskokovic

Morocco

Associate Professor David Stenner

Morocco

Associate Professor Richard Pennell

Netherlands

Dr. Mark Edward Hay

New Zealand

Professor Tom Brooking

Norway

Dr. Jardar Sørvoll

Oman

Dr. Calvin H. Allen, Jr.
Shenandoah University (emeritus)

Ottoman Empire

Professor Carter V. Findley

Papal States

Professor Daniela Felisini

Paraguay

Professor Thomas L. Whigham

Parma

Professor Lucia Togninelli

Peru

Dr. Alicia del Aguila

Poland

Professor Michal Kopczyński

Portugal

Professor Rui Branco

Romania

Dr. Bogdan Mateescu

Russia

Dr. Brendan McElroy

Sardinia-Piedmont

Professor Daniele Pipitone

Saudi Arabia

Professor Kristian Coates Ulrichsen

Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxony

Professor Siegfried Weichlein

Saxony

Anonymous expert

Serbia

Professor Danko Leovac

Singapore

Professor Derek Heng
Professor of Maritime Asian History
History Department
Northern Arizona University

South Korea

Professor Michael Seth

Spain

Professor Florencia Peyrou

Spain

Professor Juan Luis Pan

Spain

Professor Juan Simal

Sweden

Dr. Magnus Olofsson

Switzerland

Dr. Beat Stüdli

Switzerland

Professor Martin Lengwiler

Thailand

Anonymous expert

Tunisia

Assistant Professor Ismael Montana

Tunisia

Professor Mustapha Tlili

Tuscany

Dr. Sheyla Moroni

Two Sicilies

Researcher Laura Di Fiore

United Kingdom

Professor Melissa Turoff

United States of America

Professor Christoph England

Uruguay

Professor Daniel Chasquetti

Uzbekistan

Anonymous expert

Venezuela

Professor Guillermo Aveledo Coll

Vietnam

Professor Davis Bradley

Württemberg

Professor Felix Selgert

Yemen

PD Dr. Elham Manea

Yemen

Professor Isa Blumi

Zanzibar

Professor Beatrice Nicolini